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简介:关于本文可作为城市景观方面的大学硕士与本科毕业论文城市景观论文开题报告范文和职称论文论文写作参考文献下载。

城市景观论文范文

　　 2.3 拟解决的关键问题3.研究的方法及措施预期研究成果城市滨水线性景观的生态设计滨水线性景观研究工作进度计划开题报告答辩 2017年12月开始进行毕业(论文)的写作 2017年1月初毕业(论文)中期检查 2017年2月完成毕业设计 2017年3月毕业设计展 2017年4月完成毕业设计(论文)及修改 2017年5月毕业设计(论文)答辩

　　毕业设计(论文)

　　文献综述

　　 (包括国内外现状,研究方向,进展情况,存在问题,参考依据等)

　　滨水区域建设的研究,实践和发展趋势综述

　　 20世纪人类科技进步促使城市规模与功能不断拓展,由此引发种种矛盾,如工业人口聚集改变城市排水规模,城市滨水区防风防汛能力削弱,地基下沉,水体污染,水源短缺,城市滨水区绿化空间环境质量不断下降.

　　近些年来,人们开始重新认识城市滨水区的潜力,认识到城市滨水区是城市中最重要的开放空间,是形成城市景观的重要地段,是城市形象的窗口.世界各地掀起了一场让城市重返滨水的运动,例如,江河沿岸环境治理,历史水路的复兴,滨水开放空间及滨水建筑的开发与设计,并把城市滨水开发作为改善城市景观与形象,促进城市经济发展的重要手段.而随着我国经济更大发展,社会经济的转型,以及人们环境意识的提高,滨水区将成为城市开发的新热点.但是,由于各种因素的制约,国内外在滨水区域建设的实践中仍然存在重功利,轻生态的现象,这一情形在中国尤其突出.

　　 1. 国内外研究现状

　　城市发展与水体有着密切的关系."水是生命之源,从文明的开始,人就是沿着水前进,群居在沼泽和湖旁的.人民为保卫他们的水穴和泉水而战斗"[l].《圣经》中描述的伊甸乐园就是有四条河流滋润着.中国传统的风水理念也充满了傍水而居的思想.正是人们这种亲水而居的思想和行为,关于滨水景观设计的研究也十分丰富.

　　 1.1国外研究的现状

　　国外许多景观环境方面的专着,从生态学,人性空间,聚居环境等角度对西方城市滨水地段的环境进行了论述.《THE CONCISE TO WNSCAPE》(G.CULIEN)一书,强调了城市建筑群体的景观价值和城市景观艺术的完整性,其中对水体的论述,客观地分析了人与生俱来的亲水心态以及城市中水景的景观效果.作者通过对泰晤士河的重新开发和新马卢城实例的分析,阐释了其视觉连续和场所性的概念,并诊释了栏杆,护岸等小品设施的景观内涵和意义.[2]

　　 20世纪60年代以来,国外城市滨水地区开发实践活动进一步展开,许多研究活动也开展起来.

　　 20世纪70年代后期,西方滨水地段变得充实而充满生命,"亲水空间"成为水岸设计的主题,使城市水空间再度成为景观建筑师关注的焦点.美国的《PARK AND SITEP LANNING》一书详细介绍并分析了美国如金科隆公园等水岸公园设计的案例,全释了亲水理念在其设计手法上的应用.

　　 1982年在美国华盛顿创办了滨水地区研究中心(Waterfront Center),并创办了《Waterfront Center》杂志,日本成立了滨水更新中心等.[3]

　　相关专业杂志也相继推出了Waterfront专集,如《Process Architecture 》(1984年),《Progressive Architecture》(1990年),《Landscape Architecture》(1991年)分别发行了Waterfront专刊.[4]

　　 1989年由威尼斯大学发起成立的国际"滨水城市研究中心"并组织了多次国际会议,世界各地也相继召开了多次滨水地区的研究会议.1991年,大阪《国际水都会议》召开,指出自古以来城市对于水资源的依赖性,确立保护水源的决议.1991年在欧洲就有三次专题会议.[5]

　　 1.2国内研究的现状

　　到本世纪开始的2003年9月,由中国城市规划设计研究院在吉林主办的滨水地区城市设计国际博览会召开,把城市滨水设计的历程,理念,功能进一步完善.

　　在中国古代,人们并没有特别强调"城市滨水景观"的概念,人们注重城市水体,进行城市滨水区风景建设的观念源于"藏风得水"得风水理论和儒家朴素得生态思想,凡事"毋变天之道,毋绝地之理,毋乱人之纪",倡导"天人合一","崇尚自然",这些直觉式,感观式,人性化得东方智慧影响,支配着两千多年中国封建社会得城市建设,城市建设注重与自然环境得结合,把自然环境要素作为城市环境景观得重要组成部分,注重城市水系和水利建设,追求城市与自然风景得融合,不断创造丰富多彩,形式多样得滨水景观.

　　从20世纪90年代起,国内开始逐渐受到重视滨水地带的研究和实践.

　　清华大学郑灿的硕士论文《滨水地区城市设计研究》.同济大学李翔宁的《跨水域城市形态及金华总体城市设计研究》.[6]华南理工大学赵宏伟的硕士论文《城市滨水地区的开发建设一基于城市设计思想的反思》.张庭伟《城市滨水区设计与开发》.以国外几个城市滨水区开发为实例,讨论了滨水地区的规划原则.[7]王建国,吕志鹏等对世界城市滨水区开发建设的历史进程和经验进行探讨.[8]

　　同济大学李麟学的硕士论文《城市滨水区空间形态的演化与更新》,东南大学黄翼《城市滨水空间生长的自然阶段》,[9]徐永建,阎小培《北美城市滨水区开发经验对中国的启示》(2000),华南理工大学程之健的硕士论文《城市滨水区"开放空间"生态景观规划设计的研究》,[10]都从环境保护的角度探讨了城市滨水区群落建设与视觉景观的设计.张弛,于志光,顾永清等对滨水区景观特征及规划控制要素进行了研究,讨论城市滨水区建筑景观有环境的协调原则.[11]唐剑则通过金鸡湖滨水景观设计的构建过程,提出现代城市滨水景观设计的理念.[12]

　　此外,各主要专业杂志也刊登了大量国内外滨水区开发研究的实例和论文,《规划师》,《世界建筑》,《城市规划》等都有相关滨水专题的篇幅,滨水区研究的组织和机构越来越多,研究课题和方向也必将越来越深入.但从以往的研究来看,所涉及的研究内容都是从城市滨水区用地的空间规划,城市滨水区建筑景观与城市环境的协调等方面着手的,而从城市滨水区生态坏境方向来讨论滨水区生态景观设计的研究却不多见.

　　 2.研究参考文献(含开题报告和文献综述)

　　 [1] 吴悦,闫红伟,杨怡楠,李辉,汪海岩. 城市滨水空间规划设计的初步研究[J]. 黑龙江科技信息, 2017,(12).

　　 [2] 陈淑君. 关于城市滨水公共空间功能多样性的思考[J]. 山西建筑, 2017,(10).

　　 [3] 卢刚,王玉虎,张钵,嵇桂霞. 构建苏北滨水城市,促进环境和谐发展——以涟水县城西分区滨水空间规划为例[J]. 江苏城市规划, 2017,(01).

　　 [4] 孔德宇,李佳. 城市滨水区域空间活力营造[J]. 吉林建筑工程学院学报, 2017,(02).

　　 [5] 宋伟轩,徐岩,朱喜钢. 城市滨水空间公共性现状与规划思考[J]. 城市发展研究, 2017,(07).

　　 [6] 姚刚,夏海山. 国外城市滨水区开发新趋势的启示[J]. 徐州建筑职业技术学院学报, 2017,(02).

　　 [7] 王健,徐怡芳. 城市设计丰富滨水地区的多样化功能[J]. 建筑学报, 2017,(07).

　　 [8] 张艺. 城市滨水空间开发初探[J]. 山西建筑, 2017,(20).

　　 [9] 王淑华,王辉. 滨水空间的景观立体化设计[J]. 山西建筑, 2017,(12).

　　 [10] 刘和, 卜菁华. 从货物港到休闲娱乐中心——重建巴塞罗那VELL港的启示[J]. 规划师, 2004,(03).

　　 [11] 陈淑君. 关于城市滨水公共空间功能多样性的思考[J]. 山西建筑, 2017,(10).

　　 [12] 余婷. 合肥滨水地区调研报告[J]. 山西建筑, 2017,(33).

　　 [13] 魏衍亮. 专利生态图引导竞争策略——基于必要技术的专利情报分析[J]. 中国发明与专利, 2007,(05).

　　 [14&#

城市景观设计:旅游卫视景观城市印象系列宣传片世纪盘古旅游卫视天气预报广告

93; 汝小芳, 王红扬. 从区域层面提升人居环境——以大连市为例[J]. 山东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2007,(02).

　　 [15] 窦维薇. 京杭运河江苏段景观规划研究[J]. 山西建筑, 2017,(35).

　　毕业设计(论文)

　　译文及原稿

　　译文题目运用景观生态学的概念和标准可持续景观Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning

　　原稿出处 Andre' Botequilha Leitao, Jack Ahern

　　 Landscape and Urban Planning 59 (2002) 65—93

　　运用景观生态学的概念和标准可持续景观规划

　　文摘

　　世界各地的人越来越认识到景观更需要可持续性方法计划和管理.新设计也是必须坚持可持续发展的原则,应用效果,规划和管理.可持续发展的空间维度从事过程之间的关系,在不同尺度上,以及不同的土地使用,生态系统和群落生境,同时随着时间的推移.因此,生态知识是必不可少的,在计划的可持续发展.本文简要回顾了的历史作用的生态规划,生态规划与管理理论与方法.生态规划方法对现有的建筑,我们已经制订了一个概念框架,应用可持续景观规划景观生态的概念和探索许多潜在角色景观度量生态规划工具.我们认为一个共同的框架,适用于土地规划,生态知识,可适用于所有体育活动策划.我们相信在这个框架内,是一种重要的贡献接受,使用增加在生态知识水平行业规划,提高规划者之间的交流,从而利于科学文化增加可持续景观规划一致.众多的量化度量出现了有用的景观生态学应用景观生态学可持续景观规划理念.这些标准是基本的工具,用于地址空间维度量化上可持续发展的严谨,有力地发展.

　　本文提出了一种新的核心(子)的度量结果,确定以文献回顾方式最有效的理解和有关作为景观规划.分为两部分,提出了可持续发展的地形规划视野,集水平和垂直的观点.我们相信这个双重方法可以帮助结构模式和说明,什么地方,怎样,运用景观生态学原理和标准才能最有效地协助规划.我们将显示了这种方法的流域,美国.我们认为适当的应用,利用景观区的度量标准将有助于推进景观规划理论与实践对目标可持续发展研究学院.(科学出版社2002年B.V.)

　　关键词:持续发展,生态系统,土地管理,景观生态规划

　　 1.介绍

　　新的途径来解决这个复杂的问题需要引起世界人口增长,堆积的资源和人居环境质量下降等.从这些全球性问题可见可持续发展已成为主流.术语维持——能力首先用1980年在自然与自然资源保护联合会的"共同世界"预约了策略.定义经联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)在1988年国务院可持续发展的可持续性有写着"处理和保护自然资源定位和堵水寒境与制度的变革以确保不断满足人类需要".(现在及未来几代人,1999年,p.242)

　　可持续发展包括系统方法,另一份最新的和基本发展在环境科学.根据当代人所说可持续发展是一种能力上维护和支持生命和坚持作为一个系统.永续利用的相关概念可能是全球体系和当地的规模.

　　在本文中,我们关注规划部,其中的四原则的发展计划,还包括:社会,公共政策和经济规划.主要目标是物理规划布局的优化常用土地利用有限的空间里,专注于土地利用分配.许多科学家相信,促进可持续发展是首要目标景观(地区)规划计划,包括保存,保护和适当的土地利用和自然资源.对一些人来说,维持能力是任何计划的主要目的.可持续性有多尺度,包括维护自然资源和土地利用的空间模式是生态,社会的,对经济有好处.其空间维度的相互依存,有紧密的联系,土地利用变化引起的空间过程,如分裂.

　　地方可持续景观规划规划在更广阔的视角.我们包括土地(再)发展,制定考虑改善生态条件为规划的土地用途.我们也包括土地管理采用自适应的管理技术应用监测的重要组成部分,是可持续发展的景观规划中的.

　　规模是关键问题,可持续性的计划.由于之间相互依赖的生态系统,规划的方法是必需的一个遗址,研究其更广阔的背景.景观提供了一个适当的有用的背景下,为可持续发展的规划,小文学对可持续发展存在的景观和区域尺度.然而,这些最重要的尺度上获得可持续性.许多公共和私人保护和土地管理机构现在看到了一个必要的景观角度对声音资源管理.

　　可持续以生态为基础规划与管理方法是令人满意的,他们设计应用广泛,提倡.作为一个理论问题的目标是可持续发展的挑战,但实际上没有问题,问题出现的实施(岑,1999).适当的项目需要规划和可持续发展的原则,运用管理.景观生态的概念和应用标准是可能有用,解决空间维度的可持续规划.针对这一需要,我们提出了可持续的概念架构景观规划设计范围内的经营宗旨:"为什么,什么地方,怎样,景观生态的概念和标准应该运用计划."

　　 2.角色的历史回顾的生态规划

　　生态规划有很多共同的兴趣,生态关心资源的功能,规划重点,为人类的适当的使用效益.根据展位(1984)声音(短期和长期)筹划离不开兼顾生态.然而,规划的生态原则,采用慢其弹道反映社会的优先权并讨论它们改变了主要是在19世纪和20世纪.现有的理论和方法框架以生态学土地规划和管理的,被开发在过去两个世纪里我们被通知提出的框架.历史上和理论上这些没有进化出独立工作的人.相反,他们彼此的影响规律,赫拉推测,而且在很多情况下,建造之前框架:景观规划,环境影响评估(EIA),土地,scape N论文范文eh和一个生态学报,生态系统管理,环境体制基础的乡村规划和《景观生态规划(中译本)》等.摘要为了探明的基本前提的起源我们的方法论上的提议,并向识别共同的目标及课题与之前的工作时,我们会简要描述如何规划,并让生态变得完整,如何引用理论属于这早些时候进化.我们相信可持续景观规划的一种自然结果进军的规划训练的进化到21世纪的社会价值,而新的钥匙等(团结的永续概念现在及未来几代人之间,又需要平衡发展与自然),正越来越被认可和嵌入规划设计方法和法律.

　　直接或间接地,生态已经出现在景观规划在19世纪下半景观工作的建筑师和设计师弗雷德里克法","奥姆斯特德开拓者"为规划职业的美国(Fabos,1995).规划与生态的关系在欧洲也反映出的工作,格迪斯帕特里克学家和规划师来自苏格兰,和认为是现代城市规划.不过既然格迪斯,直到20世纪60年代的生态规划的地方三个原则下降原因.(1)战后,改变社会态度方面.(2)压力团体组织,例如人口从事农业,林业实业家等公众舆论的影响.以及(3)一种误解生态,理解为被等只效保护.

　　二战以后,即在40年代和50年代的英国规划者们关心的是如何管理城市的扩张和乡村规划及更感兴趣的和保护自然资源.共享的假设是"你没有必要生态",即环境问题对一个传统农村操作与其他利益相抵触保护,娱乐等.从那时起变化范围从规划目标公共卫生(如城市网络规划的卫生下水道,工程学考虑,社会学和经济学,环境质量在70和80年代(若伯茨·罗伯茨.1984年).在美国,1930年代的经济大萧条具有慢性的经济,社会和环境问题.保护的焦点中观测到19世纪末到20世纪初转移到与压抑,有关的问题,如管内存在的泥土保护.1914年至1955年美国的贡献世界工业生产转变,从38至58%(麦克拉埃,1994年).那时有越来越多人认可使用与滥用的自然资源.虽然没有明确生态学的语言使用新兴领导人在景观规划与生态继续探究的方法来使用生态学的设计原则规划(Ndubisi,1997).这时候生态是在回应这些新的全球性问题.生态系统及它们之间的关系,提出与人类栖息地与功能,从而建立一个新的生态模型,人类活动,完全整合与传统形成鲜明对比,本质上生物中心路径的生态学家.

　　景观生态学,一门新兴生态,出现在20世纪60年代随着欧洲的Neef(1963)和巨魔.根据领班和Godron(1986),景观生态学关注的分布规律景观元素或生态系统.(二)流动的动物,植物,能源,矿质营养,水在这些元素.(三)在景观的生态环境变迁时间段马赛克(Numata,1995年).他们定义三个基本景观结构要素:补丁,走廊,矩阵共同构成"补丁"这个被广泛接受走廊矩阵模型"(领班,1995).

　　景观生态学介绍了几个方面有重大的计划.一个最基本的方面都明确注意空间维度的生态过程,提供了一种常见的局域网测量加强生态学家之间的相互作用和规划者.垂直关系(拓扑学)的水平,在集成(生物地理学).关注相互关系模式和过程,船只提供分析与实证,用它来理解和比较不同的空间结构的土地覆盖(领班,1995),使生态后果的一个计划的空间配置是预想的要严重得多.度量标准的使用支持这个理解是很有限的科学研究.一些应用的度量标准在计划会发生.我们认为,这是由于度量(s)的申请,以及如何解释其结果为规划.第二个基本景观生态学方面都关注人类生态,及其定位对规划和管理,而不是更传统的中心生物生态的方法.人类活动的一部分被明确考虑系统,为一个独立的组成部分.第三个特点采用景观为宗旨单位组织的学习.连同系统的方法,从整体科学跨学科综合分析研究,让人造景观复杂快成为主导世界各地.生物组成部分的不再是单一的(研究),最值得以获得(生态)知识,而且还要提供更好的洞察力,人文和自然系统以支持计划持续使用.

　　 Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning

　　 Abstract

　　 It is increasingly recognized that more sustainable approaches are needed for planning and managing lands capes world wide. New tools are needed to effectively apply sustainable principles to planning and management. The spatial dimension of sustainability engages processes and relations between different land uses, ecosystems and bio论文范文es at different scales, and over time. Therefore, ecological knowledge is essential when planning for sustainability. The paper briefly reviews the historical role of ecology in planning, and ecological planning and management theories and methodologies. Building on existing ecological planning methods, we h论文范文e developed a conceptual framework for sustain able land scape planning applying land scape ecological concepts and exploring the multiple potential roles of land scape metrics as ecological planning tools. We argue for a mon framework that applies ecological knowledge in land planning, applicable to all physical planning activities. We believe this framework represents a significant contribution to increase the acceptance and use of ecological knowledge across the horizontal sectors planning, and to enhance munication between planners, thus contributing to an increased scientific and cultural consensus for sustainable land scape planning. Numerous quantitative metrics h论文范文e emerged from land scape ecology that are useful for applying land scape ecology concepts to sustain able land scape planning. These metrics are essential tools to address the spatial dimension of sustain ability in a quantitatively rigorous and robust manner. This paper proposes a core (sub)set of metrics, identified through literature reviews, which are understood as the most useful and relevant for land scape planning. A two-part sustain able land scape planning perspective is proposed, integrating horizontal and vertical perspectives. We believe that this dual approach can help to structure and clarify why, where, how and which land scape ecological principles and metrics can most effectively assist planning. We include a demonstration of this approach in the Mill River Watershed, USA. We argue that proper and informed use of land scape metrics will contribute to advance lands cape planning theory and practice towards the goal of sustainability. (2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.)

　　 Keywords: Sustainability. EcosystemL and management. Landscape ecological planning

　　 1. Introduction

　　 New approaches are needed to address the plex issues arising from increasing world population, depletion of resources and decreasing quality of human habitat. The sustain ability paradigm has emerged from these global issues. The term sustain ability was first used in 1980 in IUCN's World Conservation Strategy. The definition approved by the United Nations Food, and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Council in 1988 for sustainable development reads sustain ability is the handling, and conservation of natural resources, and the orientation of technological, and institutional change so as to ensure the continuous sati论文范文action of human needs for present and future generations.

　　 The sustain able paradigm includes the systems approach, another recent and fundamental paradigm in environ mental sciences. According to Jongman sustain ability is the capacity of the earth to maintain and support life and to persist as a system. The sustain ability concept is arguably relevant to systems from the global to the local scale.

　　 In this paper we focus on physical planning, one of the four principle currents of planning which also includes: social, public policy and economic planning. The main objective of physical planning is the optimization of the distribution of land uses in an often limited space, focusing on land use allocation. Many scientists believe that promoting sustainability is the overarching goal of landscape (and regional) planning including planning for conservation, protection and appropriate use of land and natural resources. To some sustain ability is the major objective of any planning. Sustainability is multidimensional, involving the maintenance of natural resources and spatial patterns of land use that are ecologically, socially, and economically beneficial. Its spatial dimension is strongly related to the interdependence of land uses, and to spatial processes such as fragmentation.

　　 Sustainable landscape planning places physical planning in a broader perspective. We include land (re)development to consider the improvement of ecological conditions for planned land uses. We also include land management by adopting adaptive management techniques that apply monitoring as an important part of a sustainable land scape planning process.

　　 Scale is a key issue in sustain ability planning. Due to the inter dependencies of ecosystems, a planning approach is needed that examines a site in its broader context. The land scape provides an appropriately useful context for sustain able planning, little literature on sustain ability exists at the land scape and regional scales. Yet these scales may be the most important for attaining sustain ability. Many public and private conservation and land management organizations now view a land scape perspective as essential for sound resource management.

　　 Sustain able ecologically based approaches to planning and management are desirable, and their application is widely advocated. Sustain ability as a theoretical aim is challenged by virtually no one, yet problems and questions arise with its implementation(Cen a,1999). Appropriate tools are needed to apply sustainable principles to planning and management. Landscape ecological concepts and applied metrics are likely to be useful to address the spatial dimension of sustainable planning. In response to this need we propose a conceptual framework for sustain able land scape planning and design to frame the operational objective: "why, where, how, and which landscape ecological concepts and metrics should be applied in planning. "

　　 2. Historical overview of the role of ecology in planning

　　 Ecology and planning h论文范文e many mon interests, ecology concerned with the functioning of resources, planning focusing on their appropriate use for human's benefit. According to Booth (1984) sound (short and long term) planning cannot be achieved without due consideration to ecology. However, planning was slow to adopt ecological principles, its trajectory reflecting society's priorities and how they changed mainly in the 19 th and 20th centuries. Existing theory and methodological frameworks in ecologically oriented land planning and management that were developed in the last two centuries inform our proposed framework. Historically and theoretically these did not evolve independently. Rather, they coevolved, influencing one another and, in many cases, building on the frameworks that preceded them: landscape planning, environmental impact asses论文范文ent(EIA),land scape ecology, ecosystem management, environmental systems based rural planning and land scape ecological planning. In order to clarify the origin of the fundamental premises of our methodological proposal, and to identify shared goals and issues with prior work, we will briefly describe how planning and ecology became integrated and how the theories referenced earlier fit into this evolution. We believe that sustain able land scape planning emerges as a natural oute of the evolution of the planning discipline into the 21st century where new social values, such as the key concepts of sustain ability (solidarity between present and future generations, and the need to balance development with nature), are increasingly being recognized and embedded into planning methods and legislation.

　　 Explicitly or implicitly, ecology was already present in landscape planning in the second half of the 19th century in the work of the landscape architect and planner Frederick Law Olmsted, "pathfinder"for the planning profession in the US(Fabos,1995). The association between planning and ecology was reflected also in Europe in the work of Patrick Geddes, a botanist and a planner from Scotland, and the progenitor of modern town planning (Booth,1984). However since Geddes and until the 1960s the place of ecology in planning declined for three principle reasons. (1)Changing social attitudes in the postwar period. (2)Organization of pressure groups, such as foresters, industrialists, etc. That shaped public opinion. And(3) a misconception about ecology, interpreted as being equivalent only to conservation(Booth,1984).

　　 In the postwar period, namely in the 1940s and 1950s UK planners were more concerned with managing urban sprawl and with less interested in rural planning and with the conservation of natural resources. The shared assumption was that there was no need for ecological, i.e.environmental concerns since the traditional rural practices would not conflict with other interests such as conservation, recreation, etc. Since then shifts in planning objectives ranged from public health (e.g.planning for urban works of sanitary sewers), engineering considerations, sociological and economics, to environmental quality in the 1970s and 1980s (Roberts and Roberts,1984). In the US, the Great Depression of the 1930s was characterized by chronic economic, social and environmental problems. The focus of conservation observed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries shifted to problems associated with the depression, such as soil conservation. From 1914 to 1955 the US'contribution to world industrial production shifted from 38 to 58 % (Mc Rae,1994). By then there was a growing recognition of the use and abuse of natural resources. Although the language of ecology was not explicitly used the emerging leaders in landscape planning and ecology continued to explore ways to use ecological principles to planning(Ndubisi, 1997). By this time ecology was responding to these new global issues. Eugene Odum's partment model addressed ecosystems and their relationships with human habitats and functions, thus establishing a new ecological model that fully integrated human activities, in marked contrast with the traditional, essentially biocentric approaches of ecologists. Land scape ecology, a new branch of ecology, emerged in Europe in the 1960s with Neef (1963) and Troll (1968). According to Forman and Godron (1986), landscape ecology focuses on(a)the distribution patterns of landscape elements or ecosystems. (2)The flows of animals,plants, energy, mineral nutrients, and water across these elements. And(3) the ecological changes in the landscape mosaic over time (Numata,1995). They defined three fundamental landscape structural elements:patches, corridors, and the matrix that together constitute the widely accepted "Patch Corridor Matrix model" (Forman,1995).

　　 Landscape ecology introduced several aspects that were important for planning. One fundamental aspect was its explicit attention to the spatial dimension of ecological processes, thus providing a mon language for stronger interactions between ecologists and planners. Vertical relationships (论文范文ology) were integrated with horizontal relationships(chorology).

　　 The focus on reciprocal pattern and process relation ships offered theory and empirical evidence with which to understand and pare different spatial configurations of land cover (Forman,1995), and enabled the ecological consequences of a plan's spatial configurations to be anticipated. The uses of metrics to support this understanding h论文范文e been limited to scientific research. Few applications of metrics in planning h论文范文e occurred. We maintain that this is due to uncertainly about which metric(s) to apply, and how to interpret the results for planning. A second fundamental aspect was land scape ecology's focus on human ecology, and its orientation towards planning and management, as opposed to more traditional biocentric ecological approaches. Human activities were explicitly considered part of the systems, not as a separate ponent. A third aspect adopted the landscape as its principle unit of study. Together with a systemic, holistic approach, this trans disciplinary science enabled an integrated analysis of the plex human made landscapes that were fast being dominant worldwide. The biotic ponent is no longer studied with the single (and most worthy) purpose of acquiring (ecological) knowledge, but also to provide for better insights about human and natural systems to support planning for sustainable use.

　　城市学院计算分院毕业论文 Abstract

　　浙江大学城市学院毕业论文文献综述

　　浙江大学城市学院毕业论文参考文献

　　城市学院计算分院毕业论文 Abstract

　　浙江大学城市学院毕业论文外文翻译

　　城市滨水景观的历史衍变

　　研究内容

　　国内滨水景观发展

　　国外滨水景观发展

　　提出问题

　　研究的目标与意义

　　城市滨水区线性景观的综合价值及特征