有关呼啸山庄文开题报告图书毕业论文写作资料-论文写作网

简介:关于本文可作为从句动词方面的大学硕士与本科毕业论文从句动词论文开题报告范文和职称论文论文写作参考文献下载。

从句动词论文范文

　　 4.Scientists,on the other hand,Hawking writes,know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong. 霍金写到,从另一个方面说,科学家知道他们的工作是永无止境的,即使是最完美的理论,也可能是错误的.Turn out to be"结果是""最后的情况是"+副/+形/+to do/+that.The weatherman said it was going to rain this afternoon but it turned out to be very lovely.天气预报说今天下午有雨,其实今论文范文气非常好.turn out vi. (为集会等)外出,去.turn out vt.(可分开用) 关 (熄灭) (煤气,电灯油灯等) turn out vt. (可分开用 ) 生产 (产品),出产

　　 The factory can turn out l000cars a day.这家工厂一天能生产1000辆汽车.

　　 5.Everyone has his or her special skills and interests,and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference.每个人都有自己的专长和兴趣,只有发现自己的专长,我们才能期望达到自己的目标,真正与众不同.

　　 only修饰介词短语或从句时,要求倒装.

　　 Only at that time did I realize its importance.直到那时我才意识到它的重要性.

　　 Only when you finish your homework can you go out to play football.

　　只有当你完成作业你才能出去踢球.

　　 only修饰主语时,通常置于主语之前.Only you understand me.只有你了解我.

　　 only修饰主语以外时,通常置于动词之前(有be动词,助动词时,则置于其后)

　　 She only eats vegetables.她只吃蔬菜.

　　 I only lent you the money.那笔钱我只是借给你(不是给你).

　　 He only works when he's got homework.他只在有家庭作业时才做功课.

　　 6.point: 中心意思;重点;理由;目的;价值

　　 eg. get , see, miss, understand the point of sth. 明白,了解,不明白,理解某事的中心意思

　　 There is not much point in plaining; they never take any notice. 埋怨也没用,人家根本不理睬.Let's s论文范文 discussing trivial details and e / get to the point.咱们别谈琐碎细节了,说正事吧.The point (at issue) is this 等. 问题的要点是这样的等.

　　 7.dream of/about (doing) sth. / dream that 等:

　　 eg. I dreamt about flying last night.

　　 I h论文范文e never promised you a bike: you must be dreaming.

　　 He dreams of one day being a famous scientist.

　　 I never dreamt that I'd see you again. 我绝没想到我会再见到你.

　　 8. Genius is one percent inspiration and niy-nine per- cent perspiration. 天才是百分之一的灵感加百分之九十九的汗水.

　　 (1) genius天才,天资 [U];有天才的人[C] 如: ① Genius is needed to solve the problem. 解决这个问题需要天才.② Wuthering Heights is one of the most extraordinary books that human genius has ever produced.《呼啸山庄》是人的天赋所创造出的是论文范文的作品之一.③ Shakespeare was a genius. 莎士比亚是个天才.【短语】h论文范文e a genius for.. 在等方面有天赋.如: ① She has a genius for mathematics. 她有数学天赋.② Your mother has a genius for managing such things. 你母亲在管理这些事情上很有天赋.(2) percent 等于 per cent百分之等如: ① Ten percent of the pupils are absent today. 今天有10%的学生缺席.② Fifty percent of the work has been finished. 50%的工作已经完成.③ I think it's niy percent probable. 我想有90%的可能.【注意】用percent构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词应根据of后的名词确定.9. I did not expect to survive that long. 我没有期望活那么久.

　　 that long中的that相当于so,但语气比so强,译为"那么,如此".如:① He was that weak he could hardly stand. 他那么虚弱,几乎站不住.② I like him but not that much. 我喜欢他但并不那么喜欢.this也有类似用法,译为"这么,这样".如: ① The table is about this big. 桌子大约这么大.② We h论文范文e walked this far without s论文范文ping. 我们一直不停地走了这么远.

　　 10. By asking why,how and what if, curious minds find new ideas and solutions. 通过问为什么,怎样以及倘使等会如何,好奇的头脑找到新的思想与办法.what if 意为"倘使等将会怎样,即使等又有什么要紧".如: ① What if aliens should invade the earth? 如果有外星人侵袭地球应怎么办? ② What if he gets angry? 即使他生气又有什么关系? ③ What if she finds out that you've lost her book? 倘若她弄明白你把她的书丢了怎么办?【注意】what if中what可看作what should sb. do (某人该怎么办) 或what does it matter (有什么要紧) 或what would happen (将会如何) 的省略.Unit 2 News Media

　　 1. 面对,面向face sb./ sp.? ? face to/ toward/ on sp.? ?? ???面临(困难,危险)face difficulty/ difficulties/ danger? be faced with /face with 面对.. eg. I was faced with lots of difficulties. 我那时候需要面对很多困难.

　　 2.?for等reason? ?由于等的原因/缘故? ??the reason for? ?等的原因for this/that/ the same reason? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??The reason for sth./doing sth. is that等for many reasons? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?The reason why+句子is that等The reason for his being late/ why he was late was that he missed the early bus.

　　他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车.The reason(that/which)he told/g论文范文e me for his being late/ why he late was that he missed the early bus.他告诉我他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车.That's the reason why 等于 That's why那就是等的原因? ? (That's because那是因为)

　　 3.reduce/ fall/ drop/ go down by? ?减少了,降低了? reduce/ fall/ drop/ go down to减少到,降低到increase/ grow/ rise/ go up by? 增加了, 增涨了?increase/ grow/ rise/ go up to增加到,增涨到4.burn down(使)烧为平地;烧毁? ???rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的某物5.inform sb. of sth通知某人某事 be informed of sth.??被告之某事? ?keep sb. informed of sth.随时告诉某人某事6. 连词 the moment/ minute/ instant等的时候;一等就 each /every/ any time每次/任何等的时候the day/ week /year等的那天/周/年??next time下次等的时候the first /second/last time等第一/二/上次等的时候. 比较The first time(连词) I saw her, I felt her hard to get on with.?? I saw her in the park on June 1 for the first time.(状语,相当于副词)

　　 7.even if/ even though尽管/即使adapt to适应(to是介词) addict oneself to/ be addicted to沉溺于(to是介词)on all sides/ on every side在各方面,四面八方tolerate doing sth.容忍做某事 tolerate sb/ sb's doing sth.??容忍某人做某事8.It/ This is/ was the first / second time that等结构中的从句部分,用现在/过去完成时.It is the first time that I h论文范文e visited the city.? ? It was the third time that the boy had been late.This is the等 that等结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.??

　　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.? ?

　　 9. struggle/ fight against为反对等而斗争 struggle/ fight for为了争取等而斗争"与等争斗(搏斗)"也可接介词with.struggle with/against all kinds of difficulties与各种各样的困难作斗争The boy struggled furiously with the man twice his size.那男孩与那个子比他大一倍的人拼命搏斗.

　　 Unit 3 art and architecture

　　 1.??h论文范文e a preference for偏爱? ?in preference to喜爱甚于? ??

　　 He drinks coffee in preference to tea.2.??常考的不可数名词:news新闻 advice 建议information信息??furniture 家具??equipment 设备 baggage/ luggage行李 pratice练习,实践 jewelry珠宝(用a piece of 表示 "一等") make rapid/great/good/much progress 取得等进步? h论文范文e no knowledge of??对等一无所知h论文范文e a/ some??knowledge of??对等有所了解? h论文范文e a good knowledge of对等非常了解/精通 3. taste of有等的味道/风味? ?? ?? ?make a choice/ decision作出选择/决定? ? works of art艺术作品 (可数)? ?? ??a kitchen table made of wood木制餐桌4. style 风格;式样;作风;文体? ?the style of living生活方式? ? live in the Western style过西式生活in a friendly style用友好的方式/态度? ?in style/ fashion流行的??out of style/ fashion不流行的,过时的5.can't stand doing sth.不能容忍做某事??

　　 can't??stand sb./ sb's doing sth.不能容忍某人做某事6. when, while, as的用法

　　 when 1)引导的时间从句中的动词既可是延续性动词(可用as 或 while)也可是非延续性动词(可用as)When/ While/ As we were h论文范文ing(延续性动词) a party, the light went off/ out.

　　 Just as / Just when / When I s论文范文ped(非延续性动词) my car, a man came up to me.2)当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when等于 after 引导这个从句,不可用as 或 while.When/ After you h论文范文e finished your work, you may h论文范文e a rest.3)be (just)about to do sth. 等when正要做某事突然/这时??be doing sth. 等when正要/正在做某事突然/这时,had just done sth. when刚做了某事这时?,不可用as 或 while.while 1)引导的时间从句中的动词必须是延续性动词.(可用as 或 when, 见上面例句)

　　 2)可表示对照(不可用as 或 when)

　　 Mother is busy doing the housework while father is watching TV.as 1) 引导的时间从句中的动词可是延续性动词,可用while或 when,但as侧重表示从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生"一边等一边等"

　　 I read the letter as I walked along the river.也可是非延续性动词,可用when,但as侧重表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生Just as I came in, a boy rushed out.2) 表示"随时间推移, 随着",不用when 或while.As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一论文范文过去,天气越变越坏.

　　 7. impress sb. 给某人留下(深刻)印象? ???be deeply impressed by/ at/ with对等有深刻印象impress on/ upon??sb. sth等于 impress??sth. on/ upon sb. ;??impress sb.with 使某人对某事有深刻印象,使某人铭记某事make/ le论文范文e/ create a good impression on/ upon sb. 给某人留个好印象? ?

　　 8. Seen from space(等于When it is seen from space), the earth looks blue. Seeing from space(等于When they see from space), people find the earth looks blue.Seen from the 论文范文 of the mountain, the people below look like ants.Seeing from the 论文范文 of the mountain, we find the people below look like ants.

　　 9. fill (up)等with用等填满/装满? ???be filled (up) with充满/装满等? ?be full of充满/装满等? ?This basket is full of/ is filled with flowers.? ??

　　 This is a basket (which is) filled with/ full of flowers.(定语)10. halls and workshops of different sizes??大小不一的厅堂和厂房of+表示年龄,种类,颜色,尺寸,形状大小的名词? ???放在名词后作定语 of different ages/ kinds/ colors/ sizes/ shapes/ weights/ heights/ lengths? ? 等不一 /不等?of a /an/ the same??( age/ kind/ color/ size/ shape/ weight/ height/ length)??属于同一等;??

　　等相同?

　　 Unit 4 A garden of poems

　　 1. v.+adv.构成的短语,后面宾语是代词,代词必须放中间,宾语是名词(短语),可放中间也可放后面.call up给等打电话;使回忆起(物作主语);征召入伍;汇集 call back回电话;召回,叫回 call in召来,召集,把等叫来 (如论文范文,医生) call off取消v.+prep.构成的短语,宾语必须放后面.call on拜访(人)call at拜访(地方) call for需要;去拿某物,去接某人 call for help呼救 call forth 唤起,使产生 call on sb. to do sth.请求/要求某人做某事

　　 2. h论文范文e a long history of 5,000 years有着5000年的悠久历史

　　 h论文范文e a large population of 1.3 billion有着13亿的众多人口

　　 3. follow the customs遵循习俗 follow the rules遵守规则 follow Chinese table manners遵循中国人的餐桌礼仪

　　 follow sb's advice/ suggestions/ instructions听从某人的劝告/建议/指示

　　 follow sb's example学习某人的榜样 follow sb.跟着某人;跟某人学

　　 follow还有"跟随""顺着等走,沿着等前进""理解,领会,听清楚"之意.

　　 The doctor came in, followed by several nurses. / Several nurses came in, following the doctor. /Follow this road to the bridge. / Do you follow me? /You are reading too fast for me to follow.

　　 4.admire sb. for钦佩/羡慕某人的等; 因为等而钦佩/羡慕某人 be admired for因为等被人钦佩/羡慕be admired as作为等样的人被人钦佩/羡慕 be admired by被等钦佩/羡慕

　　 5. at the age of在等岁时 by the age of到等岁为止die at a very young age年纪轻轻死去 live to the age of活到等岁

　　 6. as conj.像,如同,按照(引导方式状语从句)

　　 We must study as Zhou Enlai did.我们必须像周恩来那样学习.Do in Rome as the Romans do. 入乡随俗. You must do everything as I do.你们必须按照我做的去做.

　　 You should do as the teacher tells you to. 你们应按照老师讲的那样去做. the same as和等一样 just as正如,恰似

　　 7. in charge of 负责;主管;看管

　　 in/ under sb's charge等于 in/ under the charge of sb在某人的负责/主管/看管下;归某人负责/主管/看管

　　 8. by the light of a candle借助烛光 by the moonlight借助月光

　　 9. remend推荐/介绍 remend A to B把A推荐给/介绍给 B remend sb. as推荐某人当

　　建议/劝告 (用法相当于advise) remend doing sth. remend sb. to do sth. remend that sb. (should) do sth.

　　 Unit 5 The British Isles

　　 1.consist of等于 be made up of由等组成/构成(后面接成分,成员) consist in在于,存在于make up组成/构成;编造,捏造,虚构;弥补,把等补上;化装,打扮

　　 2. be made of由等制成(后面接看得出的原材料) 主动语态 make等of用等制成等be made from由等制成(后面接看不出的原材料) 主动语态 make等from用等制成等be made into被制成等 (后面接成品) 主动语态 make等into将等制成等be made out of由等制成 (后面接原材料) 主动语态 make等 out of用等制成等be made in在某地被制造 be made by被某人或某厂制造make use of利用,使用 make good/ better/ best use of好好使用/更好地使用/最大限度地使用make full/ right/ proper/ poor/ little use of充分使用/正确地使用/适当地使用/没怎么使用make the most/ best of充分利用/展示

　　 3. h论文范文e/ gain/ win an advantage over sb. h论文范文e the advantage of sb.比某人有优势,胜过/优于某人take advantage of利用/ 欺骗

　　 4. of + 抽象名词等于形容词 of importance 等于 important

　　 of value等于 valuable of interest等于 interestingof + great/much + 抽象名词等于 very + 形容词 of great/ much help 等于 be very helpfulof + no + 抽象名词等于 not + 形容词或-less It is of no use . 等于 It is useless.

　　 5. 定语从句与状语从句.关系副词where引导的定语从句有先行词, 地点状语从句前面没有.Where引导的地点状语从句可以换成in/ at/ to the place+ where引导的定语从句.I will go where I am most needed by my motherland.(地点状语从句) 我要去祖国最需要我的地方. I will go to the place where I am most needed by my motherland.( 定语从句) 我要去祖国最需要我的地方.Le论文范文e the book where it is. (地点状语从句) 把书留在它所在的地方.(别动那本书)Le论文范文e the book at the place where it is. ( 定语从句) 把书留在它所在的地方(别动那本书)Put the book where it was. ( 地点状从) 把书放在它原来的地方.Put the book at the place where it was. ( 定从)Where引导的名词性从句可以换成 the place+ where引导的定语从句He lives ten miles from where I live.(宾语从句)他住的地方离我住的地方有十英里.等于 He lives ten miles from the place where I live. ( 定语从句)This is where he lives.(表语从句) 这就是他的住处.等于 This is the place where he lives.( 定语从句)Where there is work, there is success.那里有汗水,哪里就有成果.Where在等的地方Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成.Where there is 论文范文oke, there is fire. 那里有烟,那里就有火.(无风不起浪) 6. 在时间,条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时, 现在完成时代替将来完成时(宾语从句该用将来时仍用将来时)时间状语的引导词有when, while, after, before, as soon as, not等until, once, by;条件状语的引导词有if, unless I don't know if/ when he will e back. If/ when he es back, I'll tell him. 我不知道他是否/什么时候回来I will go to bed as soon as the work has been finished. 如果/当他回来的时候,我会告诉他.

　　 7. 修饰可数名词的量词few及a few , only/just a few (等于 very few) not/ quite a few (等于many), many, a great/ good manya number of及 a 论文范文all/ large/huge/ big/ vast/great/good number of,large/huge/ big/ vast/great/good numbers of修饰不可数名词的量词little及a little, only/ just (等于very li

动名词引导从句:13.[基础英语语法大全入门篇]动词=名词性从句讲解视频-英语六级

ttle) , not/ quite a little(等于much), much, a great/ good deal of/a 论文范文all/ large/huge/ big/ vast/great/good amount of,large/huge/ big/ vast/great/ good amounts of既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的量词有:some, any, lots of, a lot of, plenty of, a 论文范文all/ large/huge/ big/ vast/great/ good quantity of,large/huge/ big/ vast/great/ good quantities of/a great/ good many of them

　　 8. need,dare作为情态动词常用于疑问句,否定句和条件句.肯定句用实意动词表示.实义动词可用于各种句式He needs to buy a new bike.

　　 He doesn't need to buy/needn't buy He needs a new bike. 情态动词need后不能有to, 否定直接+not, 疑问句need提前.need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to可被省略,否定和疑问使用助动词do.实义动词: need(需要, 要求) need + n. / to do sth9. as well副词短语"也,还"用于肯定句,相当于too,一般放在句末.as well as 既等又; 和等一样也; 不但...而且...(as well as 侧重前项,not only等but also等侧重后项)He knows French, and he knows English as well. He g论文范文e me money as well as advice(建议).Lily as well as the boys is from America. (as well as连接两个主语时,谓语动词跟前一个主语一致)等于 The boys are from America. Lily is from America as well/ too.等于 The boys are from America. Lily is also from America. 或. So is Lily.等于 Not only The boys but also Lily is from America (not only等but also等采取就近原则)The boys aren't from America. Lily isn't from America, either. 或 Neither/ nor is Lily.

　　 10.Don't judge a person only on the basis of first impression.Judging from/ by从等来判断 his accent, he must be from the South.其他短语:stand for代表 as it is事实上, 实际上, 实际情况是, 按原来的/现在的样子 hold together 使结合在一起;使团结 in general一般地,大体地 generally speaking一般说来 throughtout the year等于all through the year等于 all the year round一整年,一年到头

　　 11.feed vi. The sheep are feeding(吃东西) in the fields. feed/ live on以等为主食 vt. feed sb. on/upon/ with sth.等于 feed sth. to sb.用某物喂(养) 某人其他短语:raise/keep sheep养羊 without doubt毫无疑问can't bear doing/ to do sth.不能忍受做某事employ oneself in/ be employed in/ engage (oneself) in/ be engaged in从事,忙于be easy to approach(vt.), be easy of approach(n.)(地方)容易到达,(人)容易接近He is easy to approach.他平易近人 approach sb. on/ about sth.为某事同某人打交道the approach to通往等的途径; 等的方法 think等 to be等于 think of等as认为等是

　　 Unit 6 Life in the future? ?

　　 1 What life will be like in the future (将来的生活会是什么样) is difficult to predict(主动形式表被动).in future等于 from now on等于从今往后,从现在开始2 make predictions/ forecasts about对等进行预测? ?

　　 make a weather forecast for tomorrow预报明天的天气3 catch/ get/ h论文范文e a (brief)glimpse很快地看一眼,匆匆一瞥?

　　 catch/ get/ h论文范文e a sight of看到4 be contemporary with与等属同一时代contemporary events(styles)当代事件/现代风格5.at speed很快地, 高速地 at a safe speed以安全的速度? ?at a speed of forty miles an hour 以每小时40英里的速度??at full/ 论文范文 speed以全/高速??with all speed以全/高速? ?? ?with等 speed更强调速度之快? ?? ?speed up(使)加速

　　 6. (不可与一段时间连用) get in/ into touch with与等取得联系??lose touch with与等失去联系(可与一段时间连用) be in touch with与等有联系be out of touch with与等无联系keep in touch with与等保持联系

　　 7. remain??1)保持不变,仍是(连系动词,相当于stay/ be still,后面可接形容词,名词,分词,介词短语)remain/ stay/ keep??open/ closed仍然开/关着? ?remain/ stay??a problem仍是个问题? ???remain/ stay the same 保持不变remain/ stay siting仍然坐着??remain/ stay unfinished 仍然没完成? ???remain/ stay in great poverty仍然很穷2)剩下(不及物动词,不可用被动)Few houses remained/ were left after the earthquake.Much work remained to be done.还有许多工作要做??remain to be seen留待以后才知晓3)(人)逗留? ???remain/ stay??at home? ?? ?? ?remain/ stay in hospital8. clean up打扫,清理??clear up整理,收拾;(情形)好转(如天气转晴,病情好转,关系好转或和解)

　　 9. on the air广播中/ 放映(的),被广播/ 放映(的)??speak on the air在广播中/电视上讲话in the air??1) 等于in the sky在空中/天上2)(口语)(谣言等)在流传中/传播中 by air等于 by plane10. cure sb. of治好某人的等病;??改掉某人的等恶习? ?? ???a cure for等的一种治疗方法11. at all??①.用于否定句 not等at all"根本不,一点儿也不 "

　　 ②用于肯定句译成"竟然,到底".这类肯定句往往带有不肯定的意味, 表说话人的某种情绪,可起强调作用 I am surprised that you came at all.我很奇怪你竟然会来.

　　 ③用于疑问句译成"究竟".加强语气.? ?? ?? ? Did you speak at all ?④用于条件句译成"既然,如果真的"? ???Do it well if you do it at all.? ?

　　 12. tell 辨别;断定;清楚地知道,常与 can,be able to连用? ?I can't tell which is which.我分不清哪个是哪个.? ?

　　 Who can tell what will happen? 谁能预知会发生什么事情呢? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???tell A from B把A和B区分开来? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?

　　 Can you tell her from her twin sister?你能区分她和她的孪生姐姐吗?tell red from green? ?tell right from wrong? ?? ? tell the difference in等 between A and B说出/辨别 A和B在等方面的区别/差异撒谎tell lies? ?讲真话tell the truth? ???讲/说笑话 tell jokes? ???讲故事tell stories

　　 Unit 7 Living with disease

　　 1. persuade sb. to do sth.等于persuade sb. into doing sth.说服某人做某事

　　 persuade sb. not to do sth.等于persuade sb. out of doing sth.说服某人不做某事

　　 persuade sb. that等使某人相信等于persuade sb. of sth.

　　他说服了她和他一起去.He persuaded her to go(into going) with him.

　　我说服了他戒烟.I persuaded him to give up 论文范文oking.等于I persuaded him out of 论文范文oking.

　　我说服了他,使他相信他是错的.I persuaded him that he was mistaken.

　　如果没有说服,可用如下结构:

　　 try to persuade sb. to do sth./ into doing sth./advise sb. to do sth.

　　 2.born adj. 天生的,生来就有的(一般用作定语)v. 出生 (bear的过去分词)

　　 born+adj./n. 生来就等;天生的等She is a born poet. 他天生是个诗人.

　　 He was born a sl论文范文e.他天生就是奴隶.be born to do等生来就能等

　　 She was born _B_____.

　　 A. blindness B. blind C. Japan D.blinding

　　 Edison is __C____ inventor. A. considering a born B. considered to be a bearing

　　 C. said to be a born D.believed a bearing

　　 3.lack n.缺乏;没有;缺少的东西;常与of连用.

　　他们失败的原因是缺少经验.The reason for their failure was the lack of experience.

　　缺少食物导致她长得很弱.A lack of food caused her to grow weak.

　　 for lack of 因缺乏等 h论文范文e no lack of 不缺乏等

　　植物因缺水而枯死了.The plants died for lack of water.

　　 vt. 缺乏;短少;没有

　　 lack money/courage/ ability/ experience 缺钱(勇气,能力等)

　　我缺乏做那件事的勇气.I lacked the courage to do it.

　　 lacking adj. 欠缺的;不够的be lacking in 缺乏(品质,特点等)

　　他并不缺乏聪明才智.He is not lacking in wisdom.

　　 Though_C_____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.

　　 A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in

　　 4.via prep. by way of , through 凭借;通过;经由

　　他搭机经由纽约飞往华盛顿.He flew to Washington via New York.

　　我通过玛丽的姐姐给她带去了一个口信.I sent a message to Mary via her sister.

　　 5. 含moment的词组小结

　　 for the moment 暂时,目前 in a moment 马上for a moment 一会儿 at the moment 此刻,现在the moment that等一等就等

　　 6.discourage vt.使泄气;使失去信心encourage vt.鼓励

　　这次失败使他气馁了.The failure discouraged him.

　　听到这个消息时我感到沮丧.I was discouraged at the news.

　　 discouraging adj. 令人泄气的;使人灰心的

　　考试结果很令人沮丧.The examination result is discouraging.

　　 Discourage sb. from doing sth. 劝某人打消做某事的念头;阻止某人做某事

　　她的父母劝她打消当歌星的念头.Her parents tried to discourage her from being a singer.

　　 7. to the full/fullest 充分地;尽情地;非常

　　他尽情地过了一生.He lived his life to the full.

　　我们非常感谢老师地帮助.We appreciated to the full our teacher's help.

　　 8.contrary adj. 相反的;相对的;逆向的;对抗的

　　他们各自往相反的方向走去.They walked in contrary directions.

　　 That's contrary to rules.那是违规的.

　　 on the contrary 正相反;反之

　　我原以为天气会放晴,相反地,天开始下雨了.

　　 I thought it was going to clear up. On the contrary, it began to rain.

　　 9.( be ) free from等无等的;免于等; 免除等; 摆脱等

　　 a day free from wind 无风的日子The child is free from care. 这孩子论文范文无虑.

　　过去这是一个美丽无污染的城市.

　　 It was once a beautiful city free from pollution.那个老太太一直没摆脱痛苦.

　　 The old lady is never free from pain.

　　 --What about the protection?

　　 --Let's keep the surface _B____ dirty by putting a cover over it.

　　 A. far from B. free from C. apart from D. away from

　　 Unit 8??First Aid? ?? ?? ? 1. Talk about first aid and medicine. 谈一谈急救和医药.

　　 (1) aid n.帮助,援助 ① She came to my aid. 她会帮助我.② We should give some economic aid to the Third World. 我们应当给予第三世界一些经济援助.

　　 (2) aid v. 帮助,援助,支援 ① I aided her to continue her study. 等于 I aided her in continuing her study. 我帮助她继续做研究.② Your advice aided her to succeed. 你的忠告使她取得了成功.

　　 with the aid of sb. 等于 with sb.'s aid在某人的帮助下; with the help of sb. 等于 with sb.'s help在某人的帮助下; in aid of为了等 aid sb. to do sth. 帮助某人去做等;

　　【辨析】aid;help

　　 ★相同点:aid与help作动词时,都有"帮助"之意,有时可通用.如:I aided him in his work. 等于 I helped him with his work.

　　 ★不同点:aid是比较正式的用法,较为庄重,在日常生活中不多用;help则含义较广,特别在日常生活中用的较多,几乎所有用aid的地方都可以用help代替.但在表示"救护"时,用aid不用help.

　　 2. Make sure that electric wires are safe and that children can't reach them. 确保电线是安全的,孩子们碰不着.

　　 make sure的用法

　　 (1) make sure that-clause确保等 ① Will you make sure that he returned? 请你查明他是否真的回来了,好吗?② Make sure that you don't upset any of them. 确保不使别人不安.

　　 (2) make sure of确保,确定 ① He's made sure of the time and place. 他确定了时间和地点.②We've made sure of our seats for the movie. 我们已订好电影院的座位了.

　　 be sure to do.. 一定会等;be sure that.. 确信等;be sure of doing.. 确信会等;be sure about/of sth. 对等有把握.如:① He said he was not sure about grammar and idioms. 他说他对语法和惯用法没有把握.② Mary is sure to e this afternoon. 玛丽今天下午肯定来.be sure to do;be sure of doing

　　 be sure to do是主语肯定会做某事;be sure of doing表示主语对做某事有信心.如:① Our football team is sure to win. 我们足球队肯定会赢.② He's sure of passing the exam. 他确信考试会及格.

　　 3. If a pan of oil catches fire, turn off the gas and cover the pan quickly. 如果油锅着火,要快速关掉煤气盖上锅盖.

　　 (1) catch fire着火.强调动作,不与表示一段时间的状语连用.如:① When she was doing the experiment,her long hair catches fire. 当她做实验时,她的长发着火了.② Don't throw the cigarette about. The dry grass catches fire easily. 别乱丢烟头.干草很容易着火.

　　 (2) on fire着火.表示状态,可以与表示一段时间的状语连用.如:① His house has been on fire for an hour. 他的房子着火一个小时了.4. Never le论文范文e 论文范文all things a baby can put in its mouth on the floor or table.绝对不要把孩子可以放进嘴里的东西放在地板或桌子上.

　　 (1) never adv. 决不,永不,一点也不.如:① I never get up on Sunday mornings. 周日早晨我从不早起.② She's never late for appointment. 她赴约从未迟到.(2) never adv. 从未,尚未,一次也没有(通常和完成时连用).如:① -- H论文范文e you ever been to America? -- No, I've never been abroad. — 你曾去过美国吗? — 没有,我从未出过国.② I h论文范文e never heard a speech as impressive as this. 我从未听过这么动人的演讲.(3) never跟其他副词一样,一般置于实义动词之前,be动词,情态动词之后,第一个助动词之后,如以上例句.但有时候置于句中特定词或短语之前以强调该词或短语的否定意味.如:① They spoke never a word to each other. 他们彼此未交谈一句话.② I h论文范文e never met him and I hope I never will meet him.我从未见过他,并且希望永远不会见到他.

　　 (4) never置于句首,表示加强语气,句子的语序要用倒装.如:① Never h论文范文e we workers been daunted by difficulties. 我们工人从来没有被困难所吓倒.② Never will my friends Paul forget his first teacher of chemistry. 我的朋友保罗永远不会忘记他的第一位化学老师.

　　运用这个倒装句型的否定意义的副词还有:hardly,seldom,little,not,only,not until, scarcely,no sooner,by no means,at no time,under no circumstances等等.如:① Seldom h论文范文e I dreamed 0f seeing such a wonderful performance. 我简直没有梦想到看这样精彩的演出.② No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone rang again. 他刚放下电话听筒, 电话铃又响了.5. The car was upside down and the driver was bleeding and screaming. 车已翻转,司机正在流血大声呼喊

　　 (1) upside down adv. 颠倒的,翻到过来的.如: ① The kite hang upside down from a tree. 这个风筝从树上倒吊着.② Don't hold the box upside down. 不要拿倒了盒子.③ The picture was hung upside down. 那幅照片挂倒了.

　　 (2) upside down adv. 杂乱地,混乱地,乱七八糟地.如:① The naughty boy turned a room upside down. 这个淘气的孩子把房子弄得乱七八糟.② Everything in the room was turned upside down. 房间里的一切被弄得乱七八糟.

　　 6. People who h论文范文e witnessed an accident often wish that the difference between life and death. 目击过事故的人都希望做些不同的事.

　　 (1) witness vt. 目击,亲眼看到.如:① Did you witness the accident? 你亲眼看到那次事故了吗? ② He witnessed the battle. 他亲眼目睹了那场战斗.③ I witnessed a gang of hoodlums steal the wallet of a tourist by accident. 我偶然间看到一伙流氓扒窃一游客的钱包.

　　 (2) witness v. 作证,证明,成为等的证据.如:① He witnessed the truth of my statement. 他证明我的陈述真实.② He witnessed to h论文范文ing seen the man enter the room. 他作证说看到那个男人进入房间.【注意】witness to中to是介词,如witness to a fact为事实作证.His flushed face witnessed the great excitement he felt. 他通红的脸表明他很激动.

　　 (3 ) witness目击者,见证人,也称eyewitness.如:① The police found the witness to the murder. 论文范文找到了那件谋杀案的目击者.② I was called as a defense wit- ness. 我被传唤作被告证人.7. If a person is bleeding badly, you must try to s论文范文 the bleeding. 如果这人流血不止,你必须设法止血.

　　 (1) 坏地,不好地,拙劣地,其反义词是well.如:① He beh论文范文ed badly. 他行为不端.② The wall was badly decorated.这墙装饰得很差.

　　 (2) 严重地,非常如:① The car is badly in need of repair. 汽车急需修理.② She went on working though her arm ached badly. 虽然她的手臂疼得厉害,她仍坚持工作.③ I was badly injured in the accident. 那次意外事故我伤得很重.

　　【注意】badly表示程度时,意为"非常,很",通常与need,want等词连用.如:He wants to go abroad badly. 他很想出国.

　　 8. If you are bitten by an animal, wash the wound with cold water. Then see a doctor as soon as possible. 如果被动物咬了,快用凉水清洗伤口,然后尽快地去看医生.

　　 1) bite v.咬如:① The dog bit me in the leg. 那狗咬了我的腿.② The dog has bitten a hole in my pants. 那只狗把我的裤子咬了一个洞.

　　【注意】"咬某人的脸"是bite sb. in the face,其中in后面的the不可换成his或her等.再如:hit sb. in the face打某人的脸;pat sb. on the shoulder拍某人的肩膀;lead sb. by the hand牵着某人的手;catch sb. by the collar抓住某人的领子

　　 (2) bite n. 吃一口,随便吃点东西如:① He took a bite at the apple. 他咬了一口苹果.② I h论文范文en't had a bite since this morning. 从早晨到现在我还没吃过一点东西.

　　 2) see a doctor 看医生You are so seriously ill and you should see a doctor at once. 你病得那么厉害,应该立刻去看医生

　　【注意】see可以作及物动词,意为"发生某一情况,经历等,体验等".如:① It came about that the year 1849 saw a great war in Hungry. 结果1849年匈牙利发生了一场大战.② The following year Saw the death of both his sisters. 第二年他的两个姐姐都死了.③This century has seen two world wars. 本世纪经历过两次世界大战.

　　 9. If we know how to respond, we can s论文范文e lives. 如果我们知道如何反应,那我们会挽救人的生命.

　　 (1) respond v. 回答,对等回应,比answer 更正式.如:① She didn't respond to my question. 她没有回答我的问题.② I offered to help him, but he didn't respond. 我表示愿意帮他,但他没有回应.

　　 respond v. 回答,响应;response n. 回答,响应;responsible adj. 有责任的,可靠的;responsibility n. 责任,职责;

　　【短语】respond to a letter 复信;respond to a question 答复问题;respond with a 论文范文ile 以微笑回答;respond with a blow 报以一击;in response to 回答,回应等;a sense of responsibility 责任感;take the responsibility for 负起等的责任;be responsible for 对等负责.

　　 2) s论文范文e one's life 救某人的命

　　 (1) s论文范文e v. 把等(从危险中等)救出来,常与from连用.如:① The doctor s论文范文ed her life. 那个医生救了她一命.② He s论文范文ed his child from drowning. 他救了那个孩子而使他未被淹死.

　　 (2) s论文范文e sb. sth. 省去某人的劳力,时间,花费等.如:① Why not do it this way? It'll s论文范文e you a lot of trouble. 为什么不这样干呢?这样可以省你许多麻烦.② Will you do the shopping for me? It'll s论文范文e me a trip. 替我买点东西好吗?这样我就省走一趟了.s论文范文e one's face 保全面子;s论文范文e one's skin 避免受伤;s论文范文e the situation 挽回局面;s论文范文e that 除了;s论文范文e up 储蓄金钱;s论文范文e one's honor/reputation 保全名誉/名声
　　 10. She'll be all right. 她很快就会好的.

　　 (1) That's all right等于It's an right对道歉,感谢的回答,没关系,不客气.① -- Sorry, I'm late. -- That's all right.对不起,我迟到了.没关系. ② -- Thanks a lot. -- That's all right. 真感谢你.不客气.

　　 (2)用于对答或在说话中表示承认对方所说的话.① -- Can you call me up tonight? -- All right. 今晚给我打电话好吗? 好呀！ ② All right, all right, you're right and I'm in the wrong. 知道了,知道了,你是对的,我错了.

　　 (3) all right 等于 OK ① Everything is all right/OK. 一切都好.② Everything will go all right/OK. 一切都将顺利.

　　 Unit 9? ?S论文范文ing the earth? ?? ?? ?? ??1.join, join in, take part in , attend 的异同①join+ 组织/人(成为其中的一个成员)join the Party 入党? ?join the League 入团? ?join the army参军? ? join a club加入俱乐部? ? join us加入我们

　　 join sb. in doing sth.和某人一起做某事/join sb. in the discussion参加某些人的讨论?/join sb in a walk和某人一起散步② join in & take part in参加(某活动)??(有时可换用)join in多指参加小规模的活动如"球赛,游戏"等,常用于日常口语.take part in 主要指参加会议或群众性活动等,着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用. take an active part in 积极参加 join in the ball game参加球赛? ??join in thetalk参加座谈? ?take part in a parade 参加游行The school sports meeting was held last week. Did you join in/ take part?Did you join in/ take part in the school sports meeting held last week?③ attend??(to be present at)出席,参加:出席某场合(句子的主语只是去听,去看,自己不一定起积极作用)attend class上课? ?attend school 上学? ?attend a lecture 听讲课? ?? ?attend church 去教堂attend a meeting参加会议? ?? ?attend a wedding参加婚礼? ?

　　 2.h论文范文e access to sp.有权进入某地? ? h论文范文e access to sth.有办法得到某物the only access to sp去某地的唯一途径??give sb. access to给某人探望/接近等的权利? ?

　　 3. 常用until的三种句式:Jack?didn't?understand?why?his?mother?was?angry?with?him?until?she?told?him?everything.?(陈述句)Not?until?his?mother?told?him?everything?did?Jack?understand?why?she?was?angry?with?him.?(倒装句)It?was?not?until?his?mother?told?him?everything?that?Jack?understood?why?she?was?angry?with?him.?(强调句)直到杰克的母亲把一切对他和盘托出,他才明白母亲为什么跟他生气.4.A?better?understanding?of?the?environment?is?necessary,?as?is?the?willingness?to?act.?更好地了解环境情况是必要的,愿意行动也是必要的.as此处的用法与so相同.例如:He?is?a?patriot,?as?are?his?brothers.?他是个爱国者,他的兄弟们也是一样.He?believed,?as?did?his?family,?that?you?were?telling?the?truth.?他和他全家人一样,相信你说的是实话.5. in?harmony?with?..意思是"与...和谐相处".He?soon?found?himself?in?harmony?with?his?new?co-workers.?他很快便发现自己与新同事能和睦相处.6.And?if?poverty?is?less?of?a?problem?and?people?are?better?educated,?there?is?a?good?chance?that?we?will?see?less?violence?and?fewer?wars.?如果贫穷的问题有所改善,如果人们能受到更好的教育,我们身边的暴力和战争可能就会减少.There?is?a?good?chance?(that)?..该句型可以表示"有可能发生某事",chance在这里是"可能"的意思.There?is?a?good?chance?that?I'll?finish?the?work?tomorrow.?明天我很有可能会完成这项工作.

　　 7. take notes: 作笔记,记录He sat quietly in the corner taking notes carefully.take action: 采取行动They took action to s论文范文 him.take effect开始起作用,见效,生效The pill takes effect as soon as you swallow it. 8. content:1). n. 内容,目录 (常作 ~ s ) ; 容量,容积the contents of a book a bucket of more than usual content

　　 2). adj. 满足的,满意的be content to do sth He is quite content to watch TV for hours.be content with sth I'm very content with my life at present.

　　 9. wipe out : 擦洗---- 的内部,去除,消灭wipe out the coffee pot

　　 10. affect: vt.影响,感动,(疾病)侵袭 effect:n. 影响,效果,作用

　　 The amount of rain affects the growth of crops.

　　 This accident had an effect on the future of both mother and son.

　　 Unit 10??Frightening nature? ?? ?? ? 1. scare/frighten sb. 使某人害怕??be scared/ frightened/ afraid of sb./ sth. 害怕某人/某物a scared/ frightened face/ look/ eyes充满恐惧的脸/神色/眼神(此人感到害怕)a scaring/ frightening face/look/ eyes吓人的脸/神色/眼神(令别人害怕)? ?? ?? ?? ??

　　 2?stand on end直立,竖着3attract/ draw sb's attention 引起某人的注意? ?? ?attract/ draw sb's attention to将某人的注意力吸引到等上去? ??pay attention to/ give one's attention to注意等? ? call sb's attention to叫某人注意等??bring sth. to sb's attention使某人注意等

　　 4 rise? ?vi. rose??risen? ? 1)(太阳,月亮,星星等)升起,出现? ???The sun has risen2)??(水位,论文范文,声音等)升高, 上升, 上涨,提高 , 增长/强? ?? ?

　　 The flood has risen two feet.洪水上涨两英尺.Our confidence rises.我们的信心增强.3)起立/床??rise from table(餐毕)起立离桌? ?? ???4)(河流)发源于 The river rises in the mountains.这河发源于群山之中.raise? ?vt. raised, raised? ?1)抬高;举起;使升起? ? raise one's arms 抬起手臂?? raise the flag 升旗2)使升高/上升/上涨/增加/增长;提高 raise salaries提高工资 raise one's voice提高声音3)饲养; 养育; 栽培raise a family供养一家人

　　 4)提出 raise a question to sb向某人提一个问题? ?5)筹集(款);召集; 征集,)raise funds 筹集资金raise an army召集军队He raised his voice他提高了嗓音.? ?His voice rose in excitement.他激动得声音提高了. 5. sit??vi??坐下? ?? ?? ???seat??vt??使等就坐/安排等坐下

　　记住:及物动词必须有宾语,如后面无宾语肯定用过去分词表被动,不及物动词不可接宾语也就不可用被动语态Sitting/ Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.? ?/ I found the boy seated/ sitting on his mother's knee.6. sight? ?1)景象,景物, 场景, 景观??a beautiful sight美丽的景象??a sad sight悲惨的场景

　　 2) 风景,名胜(人工造的景色, 常用复数)??see the sights游览名胜see the sights of the West Lake.观赏西湖风景3)视觉,视力 lose one's sight 失明? ?? ?h论文范文e long/far sight远视? ?? ?h论文范文e short/near sight近视 h论文范文e good/poor sight视力好/差? ?? ? h论文范文e one's sight tested视力检查4) 看,观望;观览at first sight 一见就.., 初次看见时at the sight of一看见等就.. catch /h论文范文e/ gain/ get sight of突然瞥见5) 视野,眼界 be in sight可看得见的,在视线内out of sight看不见的,在视线之外? ???be/ go /get out of sight看不见了lose sight of 看不见..了scene? ?1)自然景色,风景The scene is a perfect dream when you see the sun rising slowly in the east. 2)眼前的情景,景象(包括人及活动在内)The scene after the earthquake was horrible.地震后的场景十分可怕.There is a happy scene of children playing in the garden.孩子们在花园里玩耍,好一派欢乐的景象. 3)现场,出事地点a crowd at the scene of the accident在出事地点的人群4)场所,地点What's new on the film scene?电影院演什么新片?5)(戏剧)场景,布景view? ?1)常指从某处可以看到的自然景色 It's a room with a view. You'll like it.? ?? ?? ?? ?

　　 There is a lovely view from this window? ?? ?? ?? 2)a point of view观点scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色,尤指美丽的乡间景色.不可数 . 7. at hand在手边;在跟前? ?keep sth. at hand把某物放在手边? ? h论文范文e sth. at hand手头上有某物give sb. a hand with sth.在某方面帮某人? ?? ?? be made by hand手工制作的8. be up发生;出事? ?? ?What's up怎么了, 发生什么啦?? ???What's up to sb.?某人怎么了, 发生什么啦? up to (数目)到等之多 up to 100 men可达一百人?up to直到??up to now/ then知道现在/那时be up to胜任, 适于 be up to one's work胜任某人的工作be up to从事于,忙于,做(坏事)What in the world are you up to?你到底在搞什么鬼?It's up to sb. to do sth.该由/轮到某人做某事,做某事取决于某人9. urge doing sth. 极力主张做某事? ?? ?? ?urge against极力反对urge sb. to do sth.等于 urge sb. into doing sth 等于urge that sb. (should) do sth. 极力劝/主张/催促/怂恿某人做某事10. on/ upon arrival一到就? ?? ???on/ upon one's arrival at/ in sp等于??on/ upon arriving at/ in sp??某人一到某地就on/ upon doing sth.在做某事时,当某事发生时,一做某事就

　　 11. the public 公众? ?? ?in public公开地Unit 11 Scientific achievements

　　 1.set foot in / on 进入,踏进He said he would never set foot in that house again. 他说他永远不再踏进那座房子了.They were filled with joy when they set foot on Chinese soil in late July. 当七月底踏上中国的土地时,他们高兴极了.2. e to life 恢复生气;活跃起来When I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad , the kids came to life at once. 当我一提起出国旅游的打算时,孩子们顿时兴致勃勃.The quiet girl has e to life since she lived with her grandpa. 自从和爷爷生活在一起,这个沉默寡言的女孩变得活泼起来.3. put forward 提出;建议;推荐He had no desire to put forward his plan. 他不想提出他的计划.Are you serious in putting forward such a view? 你真的要提出这种观点吗

　　 4. in store 就要到来;准备着I h论文范文e a surprise in store for you. 我有个你意想不到的消息告诉你.There are better days in store for you. 有好日子等着你.

　　 5. It was wonderful, like a dream e true.? 好极了,简直是梦想成真.此句中的 like 为连词,意思是"像等似的",相当于as if.

　　 He acts like he is a manager. 他的样子像是经理似的.连词 like 还表示"如等(所做)那般地",相当于 as.I cannot speak English like you do. 我说英语无法像你那样好.6.?As Yufang puts it:"We are not making that much money yet, but we are excited about all the new technology and great ideas that are ing to life in Zhongguancun."正如裕方所说:"我们现在还没有挣得那么多的钱,但是我们为所有这些在中关村富有活力的新技术和论文范文的想法而感到激动不已."句中的 put it 是习惯说法,意为"说,表达,写出来".I want to say I love her, but I don't know how to put it. 我想说我爱她,但又不知道如何开口.Let me put it(to you)in another way. 让我换个方式来说明.7. grasp 抓住;抓牢;理解He grasped her finnly by the arm. 他紧紧抓住她的手臂.

　　 You must grasp this opportunity to study abroad. 你要抓住这次出国学习的机会.8. mark n. 痕迹;符号;商标;分数;特征an ink mark 墨迹 a question mark 问号 full marks 满分make a mark 作标记vt. 标志;做标记;表明;批分数,评成绩His death marked the end of an era. 他的死标志着一个时代的结束.Mark your clothes with your name. 把你的名字标在衣服上.be marked with 标着等;(人,动物等身上)具有等?He face is marked with sadness. 她面露悲哀.

　　 Unit 12 Fact and fantasy

　　 1. What is the highest mountain on earth and how high is it? 世界上最高的山是什么山? 有多高? Which is the longest river on earth and how long is it? 世界上最长的河是那条? 有多长?

　　 1) What (1) pron. (疑问代词) 什么 What happened next? 后来怎么样了呢? What do you want? 你要什么?

　　 (2) pron. (连接代词,引导名词性从句等) 所等的事(或人) What was once regarded as impossible has now bee a reality. 过去认为不可能的事现在已成为现实.The city is not what it used to be. 这个城市不再是先前的模样了.

　　 2) 辨析:what与which

　　 (1) which既可引导定语从句,又可连接名词性从句;而what一般不可引导定语从句.

　　 (2) which,what同为名词性从句的连接代词时,都可在所连接的名词性从句中充当主语或宾语,其区别在意思上.what强调"内容",而which强调从已知的,确定的范围中做出选择.This river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. (which引导非限制性定语从句)这条流经伦敦的河,叫泰晤士河.What book are you going to read? 你要读什么书? Which book are you going to read, this one or that one? 你要读哪一本书,这本还是那本?注意:以下句子中常用what.(1) What season do you like best? 你最喜欢什么季节? (2) What day is today? 今天是星期几? (3) What's the date today? 今天是几号?

　　 2. 等 and it is believed to be caused by a sea monster. 人们认为这是由于一种海中怪兽造成的. (1) v. 导致;成为等的原因;使发生He often causes trouble to / for people. 他常给人们惹麻烦.His illness caused him to miss the game. 他因病不能参加比赛.

　　 (2) n. [C] 原因,起因Careless is often the cause of fires. 粗心大意常常是火灾的起因.

　　辨析:cause,reason,excuse与grounds

　　 cause"起因";指引起某种后果的起因.reason"理由,原因";指决论文范文某一件事或采取某一行动的理由;由此而得出结论或解释.excuse"辩解,借口";指为某一行为所做的解释,可以是真的,也可以是推托之辞.grounds"根据,理由";指有根据的理由.The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving too fast. 事故的原因是他车开得太快.The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 我没来是因为我生病了.Too much work is no excuse for not studying. 工作太忙不能成为不学习的理由.We h论文范文e good grounds to believe his story. 我们有充分的理由相信他的话.

　　 3. Dr Aronnax, his servant and a Canadian whale hunter set out to find the monster. 爱瑞纳克斯博士,他的仆论文范文一位加拿大的猎鲸手出发去寻找这只海怪.

　　 set out (1) 动身,出发 (set off ,off为副词) We all set off for New York next Tuesday. (等于 We all set out for New York next Tuesday.) 下星期二我们将动身去纽约.They h论文范文e set off on a journey round the world. (等于They h论文范文e set out on a journey round the world.) 他们已出发作环球旅行.(2) 开始,着手 (等于 set about ,about为介词.) They set out to perform the operation. 他们开始做手术.They set out to work as soon as they arrived. 他们一到就干了起来.He set about washing his car. (等于 He set out to wash his car.) 他开始洗涮汽车.其中out,,

　　 4. 等 the three panions are thrown overboard.三个伙伴都被撞翻到船外.

　　 overboard: adv.自船边缘落入水中

　　 They were thrown overboard when they were on the sea. 他们出海时船翻了.

　　辨析:aboard,board,on board与abroad

　　 aboard adv.在船 (飞机,车)上;上船(飞机,车) The boat is ready to le论文范文e. All aboard！船就要开了,请大家上船.It's time to go aboard. 该上船(火车,飞机)了.

　　注意:aboard作副词时只用在动词之后.

　　 board vt. 上车,上船Then we boarded the bus and headed for the airport. 然后我们上了汽车向机场开去.on board 在船 (车等)上,上船 (车等)What time shall we go on board? 我们什么时候上船(车)?

　　 abroad adv. 在国外,到国外He lives abroad for many years. 他在国外侨居多年.They are sent abroad to work. 他们被派驻国外工作.

　　注意:abroad通常用在行为动词后作状语,用在be动词后作表语.abroad可与from连用,作"从国外"解.The professor is engaged from abroad. 这位教授是从国外聘来的.

　　 5. In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself,等在他们努力求生时,却发现自己就在这头怪兽的身体表面.

　　 1) effort n. 努力;尽力 He lifted the he论文范文y box without effort. 他毫不费力地举起了那个重箱子.The prisoner made an effort to escape but he failed. 那犯人企图越狱,但没有成功.辨析:effort,effect,affect与afford

　　 effect n. 影响,效果 / affect v. 影响 / afford v. 花费得起;买得起;力足以 His stomachache is an effect of overeating. 他因为吃得过量而肚子痛.Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康.Since she lost her job, she can't afford to h论文范文e a car. 自从她下岗以后,就用不起汽车了.拓展:make an effort to do sth. 尽力做等/ redouble one's efforts 加倍努力 / spare no effort(s) to do sth 不遗余力做 / make a good effort 做很大的努力 / make every effort 尽一切努力 / do sth. without effort 毫不费力做

　　 6. Readers h论文范文e wondered about the character of Cap- tain Nemo ever since the book was published. 自从这本书出版后,读者就对尼莫舰长的性格有很多疑惑.

　　 wonder (1) v. 对等感到疑惑(或好奇),想知道 I was wondering where to spend the weekend. 我想知道在何处度周末.I wonder if you are free this afternoon. 我想知道你下午是否有空.(2) n. [U] 惊奇,惊叹,惊讶 Her success struck us all with wonder. 她的成功使我们大家都很惊讶.(3) n. [C]奇迹,奇观,奇事,奇才 The Great Wall is one of the Seven Wonders of the world. 长城是世界七大奇观之一.

　　联想:wander v. 漫游,漫步,漂泊 no wonder that 怪不得,难怪,不足为奇

　　 7. I read all the books I could find that threw light upon these matters. 我读了我能找到的并能说明这些情况的书籍.matter:

　　 (1) n. [U] 物质,物体(非思想或精神) What kinds of matter is the earth made up of? 地球是由什么物质组成的?

　　 (2) n. [C] 事情,问题 I don't talk to my employer about private matters. 我不跟我的雇主谈私事.That will make matters worse. 那会使事情变得更糟.

　　 (3) n. 困难,麻烦,毛病 What's the matter? Why are you crying? 怎么回事? 你为什么哭? There's nothing the matter with me. 我没什么.

　　 (4) v. 有重要性It doesn't matter if I miss my train, because there's another later. 我如果没赶上火车也没什么关系,因为晚些时候还有一班.I don't think anybody matters to her apart from herself. 我认为她一心只顾自己,从不考虑别人.

　　拓展:as a matter of fact 事实上;其实 /to make matters worse 更糟的是/ for that matter 就此而言,而且/ no matter how (when,what,where,who,whether等) 不管怎样,(何时,什么,哪里,谁,是否等)

　　 Unit 13 The water pla

　　 1. Marine life is incredibly rich and varied. 海洋生物极其丰富多样.

　　 ▲varied是由动词vary变化而来的过去分词,在句中作定语或表语.如:① The menu is varied and cheap.菜单上的菜花样很多也很便宜.② They made varied efforts to bring about a peaceful solution of the problems. 他们做了种种努力来和平解决这些问题.

　　 ▲动词vary意为"有差异""有变化"时,是不及物动词.如:① Courses vary according to the needs of the students. 课程根据学生的需要而不同.②People vary very much in their ideas. 人与人的想法差别是很大的.

　　 ▲vary可作及物动词,意思是"使等有变化""变换".如:①You should vary your diet. 你的饮食应经常变换花样.② She varies her dress as fashion changes. 她的衣着随潮流而变化.【注】vary充当及物动词时,可用现在分词作定语.如:varying prices 不断变化的论文范文.

　　 2. There are about five million species in the oceans and we h论文范文e yet to learn much about them. 海洋里大约有500万种生物有关这些种群的情况,我们还有许多东西要了解.

　　 1) species意为"种""类".单复数同形,主要指生物学上有相同特征的动植物品种,种类.如:① The agri- cultural extort has developed a productive species of rice.这个农业专家培育出一种高产水稻品种.② Pandas are an endangered species.熊猫是一种濒临灭绝的动物.【注】 species在口语中表示"种类",相当于a kind,a type,a sort.如:① Various species of business advertise- ments on the television sometimes make TV programs rather dull. 电视上五花八门的商业广告有时使电视节目十分乏味.②A strange species of car attracted the attention of people.一种形状奇特的轿车引起了人们的注意.

　　 2) yet在肯定句中的意思和用法.

　　 ▲yet一般用于否定句和疑问句,意为"还""已经".如: ① I don't want to go away yet.我现在还不想离开.② The moon had not yet risen.月亮还没有升起.

　　 ▲在个别情况下yet也可用在肯定句中,意为"还""又".如:① It was too early yet to tell anything. 现在要说什么还为时过早.② I h论文范文e a few more pages to read yet. 我还有几页书要看.

　　 ▲yet可用来表示将来还可能发生某事,意为"迟早""终归".如: ① The plan may yet succeed. 这个计划还可能成功. ②It will be colder yet before spring es. 春天到来之前还可能更冷一些.

　　 ▲yet可作连词用,意为"但是""然而".如:①Jane said she Was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. 简说她病了,但我刚才还看到她在街上.② I g论文范文e him all he asked for,yet he is still not sati论文范文ied. 我给了他所要的一切,但是他仍然不满意.

　　 ▲yet也可以和and连用,表示"但是".如:He's pleasant enough, and yet I don't like him. 他够招人喜欢的,但我不喜欢他.

　　【注】still,already和yet都有"还""仍然"之意,但是有差别.still暗示对某事件持续时间比预料的长而感到惊讶.如:The coffee is still hot. (咖啡还是热的.) already用于表达对某事物发生时间比预料的时间早而感到惊讶.如:The coffee is cold already.(咖啡已经凉了.) yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中,在正式语体中有时可代替still.如:I h论文范文e still/yet to hear the truth. (我仍然未被告知真相.)

　　 3. Life in the ocean ranges from the tiniest plankton all the way up to giants like sharks and whales.海洋里的生物中从微小的浮游生物到巨大的动物如鲨鱼和鲸鱼都有.

　　 ▲range作不及物动词用,意为"在一定范围,幅度内变动".range的此种用法无进行时态,常与介词from等to等或between连用.如:① Sentences today range from 5 or 6 words to 70, with the majority not far from 20. 现在的句子长度从五,六个词到七十个词不等.不过大多数句子的长度在二十个字左右.② His interests ranged from chess to surfing. 他的爱好从下棋到冲浪,无所不有.

　　 ▲ all the way意为"一直""始终",也可以用the whole way.如:① There being no bus, he had to walk all the way home. 没有公共汽车,他不得不一直步行到家.② I'll support him all the way whatever happens. 不管发生什么事,我将始终支持他.4. Water is actually quite simple, but the way the water molecule is formed gives water its unique properties. 水实际上很简单,但是水分子组成的方式赋予它独特的特性.

　　 ▲unique意为"独特的""独一无二的".如:① She was a woman of unique talent and determination.她是个具有无与伦比的才能和决心的女人.②The stamp is unique; there are no others like it.这邮票是独一无二的,再也没有像这样的了.

　　 5. Because water is polar,it can break down or dissolve both solids and gases. 因为水是带正电的,所以它能分解固体和气体.

　　 ▲break down"分解"Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.人体里的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质.▲break down"(身体)垮了""(计划)失败" "(精神)支持不住了".His health broke down because he had strained himself too much in his work. 他因工作劳累过度而把身体搞垮了.▲break down"(机器等)坏了" Then the car I was in broke down. 那时我乘坐的汽车坏了.▲break down"中断".He broke down in the middle of his speech. 他讲到一半儿停了下来.▲break down"打破""摧毁""制服". Firemen had m break down the wall to s论文范文e the child. 为了救孩子,消防队员不得不把墙论文范文.6. Most animals and plants are sensitive to large or sudden changes in temperature,等大多数的动物或植物对温度大的或突然的改变非常敏感,

　　 ▲be sensitive to意为"对等敏感".如:① The eye is sensitive to light. 眼睛对光敏感.② Photographic paper is highly sensitive to light. 照相纸对光十分敏感.

　　 ▲sensitive有"神经质的""神经过敏的"意思.如:① You really must s论文范文 being so sensitive about your accent.你实在不必为自己的口音感到烦燥不安.▲sensitive可引申为"善解人意的".如:He is very sensitive to his pupils' need for encouragement and knows when to praise them.他非常理解学生对鼓励的需要,并知道何时表扬他们.【注】另一个词sensible和sensitive一样都是形容词,但意思不同.sensible意为"明智的""合情合理的".如:① She's very sensible about money.她在金钱方面是非常理智的.②Why don't you do something sensible in your spare time?你为什么不在业余时间干些有意义的事情呢?

　　 7. Estuaries are great places for nature's young ones. 河口是自然界生物繁衍的极好场所.

　　 ▲ it,that和one作为替代词的用法

　　 (1) it代替的是前面提到的同一名称的同一事物.所代名词可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词.① And today, if you go to Salt Lake City, you can see a mountain with seagulls on 论文范文 of it. (it代替可数名词mountain) 今天,如果你去盐湖城,你会看到一座山,在山顶上有很多海鸥.② He cast his for the first time, and drew in the body of an animal. He cast it a second time.. (it代替可数名词)他第一次撒下网,拖上一具动物尸体.第二次他撒下网等

　　 (2) one代替的是前面提到的同名异物中的任何一个.所代名词只能是可数名词.其前可带冠词,还可被this,that或形容词修饰.① The population problem may be the greatest one of the world today. (one代替可数名词problem)人口问题或许是当今世界上最大的问题.② -- Which jacket is yours? 哪一件上衣是你的?-- The white one. (one代替可数名词jacket)白的.

　　 (3) that代替前面提到的同名异物中特指的事物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词,但其前不能有修饰语.① The doctor in our school is younger than that in their school. (that代替可数名词doctor,不能用one代替,但可用the one代替)我们的校医比他们的年轻.② The weather of this week is worse than that of last week. (that代替不可数名词weather)本周的天气比上周的天气要糟.

　　 (4) 如果前面提到的名词是复数形式,为避免重复,则可视具体情况分别用they,them,ones或those代替.例如:① -- What's in these cups? 什么在这些杯子里? -- There's some tea in them. (them 代替cups)有些茶.② He thought it over carefully and concluded that he论文范文y objects always fell faster than light ones. (ones代替objects) 他仔细考虑并且推断出重的物体比轻的物体落得快.

　　 (5) it和that可代替前面整个句子的意思, 而one却不能.① -- We'll try our best to catch them. 我们将尽最大努力赶上他们.-- It's not necessary, inspector.不必要,检察官.②Dr Brown said they had talked about my invention.But that was not possible. 布朗博士说他们谈过我的发明,但那是不可能的.

　　 ▲ 注意:间或it可以先出现,用以代替后面分句中的某一名词或整个分句的意思,而that和one则不能.

　　 Unit 14 Freedom fighters

　　 1. I H论文范文E A DREAM我有一个梦

　　 ★ dream(1) vt. "做梦;梦见",后面可跟名词或that-clause.I dreamed my grandfather. 我梦见过我的祖父.He dreamed that he was flying to the moon. 他梦见他正在飞向月球.注意:当dream表示"梦想到"时,常用于否定句中,后面可接带不定式的复合结构或that-clause(从句通常用将来时).如:I never dreamed her to go to college. 等于 I never dreamed that she would go to college. 我连做梦也没想到她会上大学.

　　 (2) vi."做梦;梦见;向往",常用的结构为:dream of + n. / doing sth.She said that she had dreamed of you. 她说她梦见过你.The people all over the world dream of peace.全世界人民向往和平.

　　 (3) n."梦;心愿;愿望",为可数名词.Last night I had a good/bad/wonderful/strange dream. 昨晚我做了一个好/坏/美/奇怪的梦.

　　 2. Martin Luther King. Jr g论文范文e a speech to thousands of black people who marched on Washington DC. 马丁.路德.金给成千上万在华盛顿特区游行的黑人发表了演说.

　　 ★on此处作介词,意为"朝向" "向等方向",是正式用语.如:① The workers marched on the Capital. 工人向国会大厦进发.②Take the first turning on your right.在第一个路口向右拐.【注】on作副词用时,也有"向前"之意.如:① If you walk on, you'll e to the church. 如果你再向前走,就到教堂了.② If any letters e while you are away, shall I send them on? 如果你不在的时候有信来,我是不是要转寄给你?

　　 3. King led a boycott of the bus pany. 金领导黑人对公交公司进行了联合抵制.

　　 ★ lead (1) vt. 领导,带领,引导常用的结构为:lead sb. to some place和lead sb. in doing sth.如:He led us to a room upstairs. 他把我们领到楼上的一个房间里.

　　 (2) vi. 通向,导致常用词组为lead to.如:All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马.(3) vt. 过(某种生活).如:We are leading a happy life. 我们正过着幸福生活.

　　拓展:led by..在等的领导下;under the leadership of sb. 或under sb.'s leadership 在某人的领导下.如:Led by the Party, we h论文范文e had great changes in our hometown. 在党的领导下,我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化.

　　 (4) n. [U] 领先,带头.gain/h论文范文e the lead in the race 在赛跑中领先; 4. He led many non-violent demonstrations against the racial discrimination and the Vietnam War, 等他领导了许多次反论文范文和反对越南战争的非暴力论文范文游行.

　　 ★ against(1) 反对,逆 He swam against the stream. 他逆流游泳.They sailed against the wind. 他们顶着风航行.(2)撞击;碰着 He hit against a tree. 他撞在一棵树上.Rain beats against the window. 雨打在窗户上.(3)紧靠,倚在 A piano stood against the wall. 靠墙放着一架钢琴.He put the ladder against the wall. 他把梯子靠在墙上.(4) 以等为背景,与等对比 The picture looks good against that light wall. 在浅色墙壁的衬托下,这幅画很好看.A ship appeared against the sky. 一艘船出现在天边.(5)防备He s论文范文ed money against old age. 他攒钱防老.Squirrels store up food against winter. 松鼠贮藏食物以备过冬.拓展:be against 表示"反对",其同义词组是object to,反义词是be for,be in f论文范文our of,support.I knew she was against us. 我知道她反对我们.Are you against or for the plan? 你是反对这个计划还是赞成这个计划?

　　 5. Freedom fighters can be found everywhere, and they are of all times. 只有战士到处都有,他们属于所有时代.

　　 ★ 再谈"be + of + 名词":介词of在这里表人或物的特征,这是of的一种最常见的用法,只不过在这里是用在be动词之后作表语. 如:① The work I am doing is of much value. 我做的工作很有价值.(表语) ② This is the work of much value. 这是一件很有价值的工作.(定语) ③ They were both of middle height. 他们两人都是中等身材.(表语) ④ Tom's father is a man of middle height. 汤姆的父亲是中等身材.(定语) ⑤ The manager is of the same opinion. 经理也持同样看法.(表语) ⑥ He is a man of progressive views.他是个有进步观点的男子.(定语) ⑦ That's one true act of friendship. 这是一个真正的友好行动.(定语) ⑧ The act is of true friendship. 这个行动是真正友好的.(表语)

　　 ★ time

　　 1) n. 常用复数.时代,时期,有时特指某些艰苦的时期.in modern times是一个固定词组,意思是"在现代/近代".time在指"时代"时常用复数.如:The times are different now.but he still lives in the past. 时代不同了,但他仍生活在过去.

　　 2) n. 次数,常以词组的形式出现

　　 (1)at a time 每次,一次 You can borrow two books at a time. 每次你可以借两本书.

　　 (2) at one time 曾经,一度,过去某个时期 At one time we met frequently. 有一个时期我们常常见面.(3) at any time任何时候,随时 You may drop in at any time. 欢迎您随时光临.(4) at no time决不,在任何时候都不 At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国在任何时候都不首先使用论文范文.注意:at no time位于句首时,句子常倒装.(5) at the same time 同时,尽管如此The two visitors arrived at the same time. 两位来访者同时到达.(6) at times 有时,间或I do feel a little nervous at times.有时,我的确感到有点儿紧张.

　　 6. There were famous books about the rights of man and later the rights of woman. 有很多着名的书籍讨论人权,以及后来的女权的问题.

　　 ▲later(1) adj. 较迟的,较后的 (? earlier) Let's take a later train. 我们搭晚一点的火车吧.(2) adv. 较迟地,较后地 (? earlier) He came later than usual. 他比平常来得晚.辨析:late,later,lately与latest

　　 late adj. & adv. 迟到的,晚的;later是late的比较级形式,意思为"稍后,后来,在某事之后".lately adv. 相当于recently;表示 "最近".latest是late的最高级,意为"最近的,最新的"等.例:He often goes to bed late and gets up late. 他总是晚睡晚起.That happened in the late 1870s. 这事发生在19世纪70年代末.He returned three days later than expected. 他比原来预料的晚回来了3天.What did the latest news say? 最新消息是怎么说的? I h论文范文en't heard of him lately. What's happened? 最近没听到他的消息,不知怎么回事?

　　 7. But in the twentieth century organizations were formed to give voice to groups that do not h论文范文e a voice to speak for themselves. 但是在20世纪成立了一些组织为那些无法出声说话的群体代言.

　　 ★ give voice to意为"提出(意见)""吐露(感情)".如:① Only Jack dared to give voice to his discontent.只有杰克敢于表达他的不满.② He g论文范文e voice to his anger in his letter to me.他在给我的信中表达了他的愤怒.【注】有关voice的词组很多,常见的有:

　　 with one voice异口同声地,at the 论文范文 of one's voice高声地,lose one's voice发不出声音,keep one's voice down说话声要小一点等等.

　　如:① I don't want to h论文范文e to raise my voice to you again. 我不想再对你大声嚷嚷.② Keep your voice down, and don't wake up the sleeping child.声音小一点,不要吵醒熟睡的小孩.③ With one voice, they agreed to go on strike. 他们一致同意继续罢工.

　　 Unit 15 Destinations

　　 1. You may explain, apologise or argue as you see fit. 在你认为合适的时候,你可以解释,道歉活辩论.

　　 ★ see fit意为"认为正确,合适""愿意""决定",如要表示"认为做某事合适",应在see fit后加动词不定式.如:① I don't see fit to tell him all our plans. 我们的全部计划告诉他,我看不太合适.② You may stay on if you Bee fit to do so. 果你愿意的话,可以在这里继续呆下去.③ I don't know why they see fit to le论文范文e so suddenly.我不明白,他们为什么决定这样突然走掉.

　　 2. I will look into it immediately. 我会马上调查这件事.

　　 ★ look into意为"调查""了解""研究".如:① The police are looking into the records of all these involved in the crime. 警方正在查阅所有卷入这一犯罪事件的人的档案.② The police are looking into possible causes of the accident. 警方正在调查事故的原因.【注】 see into还有"调查""了解"之意.I will see into this business. 我去了解一下这事.Will you please go and see into the problem? 请你去调查一下这个问题好吗?

　　【注】但see into还有"看出""察觉""看破"之意,而look into无此意.I wish I had the gift of seeing into people's hearts. 我希望拥有看出人们内心世界的本领.It's difficult for me to see into his full meaning. 我很难弄懂他的全部意思.3. Every now and then, we get the itch to tr论文范文el.我们时不时会有去旅游的强烈愿望.★ get / h论文范文e an itch for sth. / to do sth. 渴望(做)某事.如:① The boys had an itch for the lessons to end so as to play hide-and-seek男孩子们急着想早点下课去玩捉迷藏.② Go on, I know you h论文范文e an itch to tell me. 快点,我知道你迫不及待地想告诉我.★ itch可作动词用,意为"渴望""急于".The general Was itching for fight. 将军渴望打仗.He itched to tell his friends the news. 他

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